Sadashivrao Bhau, a prominent figure in Maratha history, served as the Diwan of Peshwa and commanded the Maratha army at the pivotal Third Battle of Panipat. His life, both military and personal, remains a subject of fascination and study.

Wiki/Biography

Born on Friday, August 4, 1730, in Saswad, Pune, Sadashivrao Bhau’s astrological sign was Leo. He received his education in Satara, Maharashtra, under the tutelage of his guru, Ramchandrababa Shenvi. His early education laid a strong foundation for his future leadership roles.

Family, Caste & Wife

Sadashivrao Bhau hailed from a distinguished Maratha family. His father, Chimaji Appa, passed away when Bhau was only 10 years old. Tragedy struck early as his mother, Rakhmabai, died when he was just a month old. He was raised by his grandmother, Radhabai, and aunt, Kashibai. His paternal uncle was the influential Peshwa Baji Rao, and his cousin was Nanasaheb Peshwa.

Bhau married twice. His first wife, Umabai, bore him two sons. Following her death, he married Parvatibai, who famously accompanied him to the Third Battle of Panipat.

Early Life of Sadashivrao Bhau

Bhau’s early military career began in 1746 when he successfully completed a mission in Karnataka that others had failed. He embarked on his first campaign on December 5, 1746, accompanied by his advisors, Mahadoba Purandare and Sakharam Bapu. This campaign, which lasted until May 1747, saw him capture numerous cities including Kittur, Parasgad, Gokak, Yadwad, Bagalkot, Badami, Navalgund, Umbal, Giri, Torgal, Haliyal, Harihar, and Basavapatna.

Following Mahadjipant Purandare’s resignation, Bhau rose to become the Diwan of Peshwa. His military prowess continued to shine, as evidenced by victories against Yamaji Shivdev and the capture of the formidable Daulatabad fort.

The Third Battle of Panipat (1761)

In 1760, news reached Nanasaheb Peshwa of Ahmad Shah Abdali’s invasion of Punjab. A broad alliance of North Indian Muslims joined forces with Abdali. Nanasaheb entrusted Sadashivrao Bhau with leading the Maratha army against this formidable threat. Bhau’s army, numbering between 45,000 and 60,000, set out from Patdur on March 14, 1760, later joined by non-combatants and other Maratha forces.

Despite employing his successful hit-and-run tactics, Bhau faced challenges in securing alliances with other regional powers. His attempts to gain support from Rajputs and others were hindered by mistrust and political complexities. The lack of cooperation led to significant shortages of food and supplies. This hampered his efforts to bolster his army before the crucial conflict.

The Maratha army eventually reached Delhi, but food scarcity forced a move north to Karnal. The capture of Kunjpura Fort resulted in a significant victory but also further inflamed Abdali’s resolve.

Abdali’s army managed to cross the Yamuna River and subsequently block the Maratha’s retreat south, cutting off food supplies. By January 13, 1761, the situation was dire, leading to the inevitable confrontation on January 14, 1761.

The battle was initially favorable to the Marathas but the death of Vishwasrao, Bhau’s nephew, dramatically shifted the momentum. Bhau’s heroic actions ultimately cost him his life on the battlefield.

The Aftermath of the Battle

Accounts of Bhau’s death vary. Some suggest his body was recovered days after the battle, while others claim he may have survived. Parvatibai, his unwavering wife, refused to accept his death in the absence of definitive proof.

Death

Sadashivrao Bhau perished on the battlefield of the Third Battle of Panipat on January 14, 1761, the day of Makar Sankranti.

Facts/Trivia

• An imposter claimed to be Sadashivrao Bhau in 1770.
• Sadashiv Peth in Pune is named in his honor.
• A memorial park commemorates the Third Battle of Panipat in Kala Amb, Panipat, Haryana.
• The 2019 Bollywood film “Panipat: The Great Betrayal” depicted the battle, with Arjun Kapoor portraying Sadashivrao Bhau.